MEFLUVAC™ H9 ND-16

Co-infections with Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease

Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) is a contagious, multi-organ systemic disease leading to high morbidity in poultry.¹ The disease is caused by some H9 subtypes of type A influenza virus, family Orthomyxoviridae.¹ After mutation these LPAI viruses can become HPAI viruses, usually while they are circulating in poultry flocks.²

Avian influenza virus can spread in the farm by both the fecal–oral route and aerosols, due to the proximity of the birds, fomites can be important in transmission and flies may act as mechanical vectors.2 In endemic areas, vaccination is well established as the primary control measure used to minimize losses.³ 

On the other hand, the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) genotypes I and II primarily represent vaccine strains, while the more virulent NDVs are clustered within genotypes III to X. Intriguingly since the 1990s, genotype VIII expanded across Asia, South Africa, and parts of Europe; while genotype VII has been frequently reported in Europe, China, the Middle East, and South Africa.^4,5,6,7

Administration

Before use, the vaccine should be shaken well to ensure proper mixing. Sterile injection equipment should be used to avoid contamination. Do not use MEFLUVAC™ H9 ND-16 if you notice critical irreversible separation of the emulsion.

• Subcutaneous injection: in the lower part of the neck. The needle should be inserted just under the skin in a direction away from the head and in a straight line with the neck.
• Intramuscular injection: in the breast muscles by inserting the needle with a 45° angle to avoid intraperitoneal injection.

For optimal booster effects, the birds should be primed with live NDV vaccines.

Storage Precautions

• Store and transport refrigerated (+2°C to +8°C). 
• Do not freeze.
• Store in a dry place protected from direct sunlight.
• Do not use this product after the expiry date.
• Shelf life after first opening the bottle: 3 hours.

Presentation

MEFLUVAC™ H9 ND-16 is packed and presented in 500 mL (1000 doses) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles.

References

1. Swayne DE, Suarez DL. Highly pathogenic avian influenza. Rev Sci Tech. 2000 Aug;19(2):463-82. doi: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1230. PMID: 10935274. 

2. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, November 2015, Avian Influenza Fowl Plague, Grippe Aviaire.

3. A. Anis, M. AboElkhair, M. Ibrahim, Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus from Egyptian domestic waterfowl in 2017, Avian Pathol. (2018), https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2018.1470606.

4. Abolnik C, Horner RF, Bisschop SP, Parker ME, Romito M, Viljoen GJ. A phylogenetic study of South African Newcastle disease virus strains isolated between 1990 and 2002 suggests epidemiological origins in the Far East. Arch Virol. 2004;149:603–619.

5. Herczeg J, Wehmann E, Bragg R, Travassos Dias PM, Hadjiev G, Werner O, Lomniczi B. Two novel genetic groups (VIIb and VIII) responsible for recent Newcastle disease outbreaks in Southern Africa, one (VIIb) of which reached Southern Europe. Arch Virol. 1999;144:2087–2099.

6. Ke GM, Liu HJ, Lin MY, Chen JH, Tsai SS, Chang PC. Molecular characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from recent outbreaks in Taiwan. J Virol Methods. 2001;97:1–11.

7. Liu H, Wang Z, Wu Y, Zheng D, Sun C, Bi D, Zuo Y, Xu T. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Newcastle disease virus isolated in China in 2005. J Virol Methods. 2007;140:206–211.

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