We know HPAI vaccines antigenically matched with field strains can prevent disease and significantly reduce viral shedding.7
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Sizing the impact
The Avian Influenza (AI) virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and is grouped into subtypes on the basis of surface glycoproteins [hemagglutinin (HA /18) and neuraminidase (NA/11)]. In birds, up to 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified.8 These glycoproteins are the main antigenic components of the virus and act as immune modulators.1,2
In recent years, the mutating nature of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has caused multiple outbreaks in poultry and wild birds worldwide, with virus clade 2.3.4.4b being reported across Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. Beyond the devastating impact for the poultry industry, evidence suggests that HPAI strains also represent a threat for public health, with at least six human cases of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses reported from China, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam, and more recently, South America.3
As illustrated in the image, HPAIV H5 and H7 strains represented in red are commonly found in aquatic wild birds (left panel) and domestic poultry (middle and right panels).4
Managing the risk
Using a holistic approach, vaccination has demonstrated to be critical in significantly reducing viral shedding and preventing the spread of the disease.5
According to EFSA, a shorter antigenic distance indicates a higher antigenic match, which correlates with a strong protective immune response.1 MEFLUVAC™ H5N8 demonstrates the shortest antigenic distance to current circulating field strains because the surface glycoprotein H5 from clade 2.3.4.4b was included in the vaccine composition.9
Building immunity
Strategic Location
Our competence center is strategically located in Egypt where migratory routes of wild bird converge. These capabilities are critical for monitoring and isolating recent and relevant strains for transboundary poultry diseases, such as Avian Influenza.
Efficacy against HPAI challenge with subtypes H5N8 and H5N6
Field results comparing two vaccination regimes concisely show i) the survival rate of vaccinated birds against virulent influenza viruses, and ii) the ability of reducing viral excretion; both considered important criteria when evaluating the efficacy of AI vaccines. The viral load was evaluated through the analysis of oro-pharyngeal swabs after challenge.6
Challenge by HPAI H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b at day 21 post-vaccination
- 90% survival in vaccinated groups versus 0% in control group.
- Reduced shedding and viral load evidenced in both vaccinated groups.
Challenge by HPAI H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4g at day 21 post-vaccination
- 100% survival in 2x vaccinated versus 0% in the control.
- Over the ten-day sampling period there was a clear reduction in viral shedding in both vaccinated groups.
References:
1. Squarcione, S.; Sgricia, S.; Biasio, L.R.; Perinetti, E. Comparison of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a split and a subunit-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in elderly subjects. Vaccine 2003.
2. Guan Y, et.al . (2000) H9N2 influenza viruses possessing H5N1-like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry in southeastern China.
3. Bruno et al 2023. First case of human infection with highly pathogenic H5 avian Influenza A virus in South America: A new zoonotic pandemic threat for 2023?. Journal of Travel Medicine, 2023, 1–3 https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taad032
4. https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/pdf/10.2217/fvl.13.27
5. Kilany, W. et. al. (2016). Protective efficacy of recombinant turkey herpes virus (rHVT-H5) and inactivated H5N1 vaccines in commercial mulard ducks against the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.2.1 virus.
6. TL-22-20110.
7. Brown, Ian (2022). Vaccination against HPAI. Animal Plant & Health Agency. 30th WOAH Conference of the Regional Commission for Europe, Catania, Sicily, Italy.
8. Influenza Type A Viruses, centers for disease control and prevention.
9. EFSA Journal, 21(10), 1–87. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8271. First published: 10 October 2023.
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